This study was the first attempt of naringenin production from acetate and suggested the potential of biosynthesis of various flavonoids derived from naringenin using acetate. ConclusionsĬollectively, we demonstrated efficient flux rerouting for maximum naringenin production from acetate in E. Consequently, the flux-optimized strain exhibited a significant increase in naringenin production, a 27.2-fold increase (with a 38.3-fold increase of naringenin yield on acetate) over that by the unoptimized strain, producing 97.02 mg/L naringenin with 21.02 mg naringenin/g acetate, which is a competitive result against those in previous studies on conventional substrates, such as glucose. Precise rerouting at the OAA node for enhanced acetyl-CoA was conducted, avoiding extensive loss of OAA by fine-tuning the expression of pckA (encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) with flux redistribution between naringenin biosynthesis and cell growth at the isocitrate node. This study identified the isocitrate and oxaloacetate (OAA) nodes as key regulatory nodes for the naringenin production using acetate. Accordingly, appropriate rerouting of TCA cycle intermediates from anaplerosis into naringenin biosynthesis via acetyl-CoA replenishment would be required. While acetyl-CoA is a key precursor for naringenin production, carbon flux between the TCA cycle and anaplerosis is effectively regulated at the isocitrate node through glyoxylate shunt in acetate metabolism. For the efficient production of naringenin using acetate, identification of the appropriate regulatory node of carbon flux in the biosynthesis of naringenin from acetate would be important. From this perspective, utilizing acetate for naringenin production could be an effective strategy, with the advantages of both low-cost and abundant feedstock. In the microbial fermentation, a cheap and abundant feedstock is required to achieve an economically feasible bioprocess. If you’re a record collector, and you’re new to the hobby, you may encounter a number of terms in your searches for vinyl with which you’re unfamiliar.Microbial production of naringenin has received much attention owing to its pharmaceutical applicability and potential as a key molecular scaffold for various flavonoids. To help, we’ve compiled this vinyl record collecting glossary of terms that you may find it helpful to know:ġ0” – Ten inch record. This size was used for both 78 RPM singles, made from the 1910s through the late 1950s, as well as long-play albums during the first years of album production (roughly 1948-1955.)ġ2” – Twelve inch record. While this sizes is most commonly used for modern record albums (post-1955), this size record is also used occasionally for singles and extended-play (EP) recordings.ġ6 2/3 RPM – A playback speed for certain record albums, most commonly used for talking books for the blind. The slow playback speed allows for extra-long playing time, though the sound quality suffers as a result. Most of the people who own record players that are capable of playing 16 2/3 RPM records have never actually seen one.ġ80 gram – Weight of some modern era (post-1990) record pressings, usually those titles pressed as “audiophile” records. Most 12″ records pressed in earlier eras weighed between 125-150 grams. The heavier weight of these modern pressings is thought to provide better sound and less likelihood of warping.Ģ00 gram – Weight of some modern (post-1990) record pressings, used by some manufacturers of “audiophile” records.
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